In October Jamie Cameron (Research Assistant, Oxford Internet Institute) came to the
Pitt Rivers Museum to 3D scan an object in the museum’s collection; a model of
a totem pole (also known as a crest pole) made by the Northwest Coast Haida
(1891.49.13 .1 - .2). The scan will be 3D printed and used for Sensing Culture, a Heritage Lottery funded project, led by the Royal National Institute of Blind People (RNIB). One of the aims at the project is to develop
and produce ways in which the visitor experience for blind and partially
sighted people can be improved. Other museums within the University of Oxford
GLAM (Gardens, Libraries, Archives and Museums) are also involved.
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| Jamie Cameron '3D scanning' the model Crest Pole © Pitt Rivers Museum |
Our
colleague Laura Peers (Curator of the Americans and Professor of Museum
Anthropology) recommended the wooden model of a Haida totem pole for 3D
printing. The pole was made in Haida Gwaii, British Columbia, Canada, most
likely by artist Charles Edenshaw. Our documentation tells us that the model
pole was collected by resident missionary Charles Harrison (who published
accounts of the Haida) at the end of the 19th Century. The pole itself is
carved with ‘crest figures’ that relate to lineages, aspects of status and
property rights. To the Haida of the Northwest Coast, the act of looking up at
these representations shown on the sides of giant crest poles would have
triggered a visual reminder of the stories of how ancestral beings bestowed certain
rights on a family. The figures on this particular model pole include an eagle,
bears and their cubs in human or ancestral form, frogs and humans.
Unfortunately
we don’t yet have insight into why this particular model totem pole was made.
Could it have been a prototype for a much larger pole that was never carved?
Was it a commercial product for Europeans, or could it have been made to order
by European collectors to illustrate the types of narratives on totems that the
Haida produced?
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| © Pitt Rivers Museum (1891.49.13 .1 - .2) |
In 2009 the museum received a Haida delegation
as part of the project “Haida Material Culture in British Museums: Generating New Forms of Knowledge”. The delegates, when looking at the model crest pole,
observed that some of the original museum labelling is incorrect, and that the
bear at the bottom of the pole was holding in its mouth a prawn or shrimp, and
not a crayfish as had been labelled. They also added that this pole might be
depicting the bear mother story, a popular Haida narrative. These observations
were added to our online database, a living document which reflects the
multi-vocality and dynamism of the museum’s collection. Visits like these
highlight the importance of retaining relationships between museums and the
living communities from which material culture was taken from, often under very
difficult and problematic circumstances. The Pitt Rivers Museum always aims to
be at the forefront in repairing relationships damaged in the past by European
colonial collecting practices. We continue to generate positive outputs such as
material repatriation, loans to source communities, access for originating
communities to engage with and reconnect with the collection both physically
and digitally, and collaborative work, such as the Great Box Project in 2014
Jamie
used 3D imaging technologies, including photogrammetry, to create a ‘scan’ of
the totem pole. This will be 3D printed, and such prints will allow visitors
who are blind or partially sighted to ‘read’ the object through touch. Haida
art uses a structured formline design, where different coloured paints
highlight certain features, and on carvings such as the model pole, formline
appears in incisions in shallow and deep relief. Visitors will be able to feel
the incised lines on the 3D print to help understand the layout and proportions
of the totem pole. Many museums are using 3D printing to engage their visitors,
and it is just one of the ways that the Pitt Rivers Museum works to enable
access to its collections.
Nicholas Crowe
Assistant Curator
